الأوراق Presentations
الرضي حسن الرضي عبد الله
منظمة ADD
International
هنالك عدة مفاهيم ومرجعيات فلسفية يمكن فهم والتعامل مع قضية الإعاقة
من خلالها. ويمكن اجمال هذه المرجعيات الفلسفية في مفهومين رئيسيين: المفهوم
الفردي للإعاقة والذي يعتبر الإعاقة كامنة في الفرد وناتجة فقط عن قصور طبي أو
إبتلاء أو غيره. والمفهوم الإجتماعي للإعاقة والذي يعتبر ان الإعاقة ناتجة عن
الحواجز المحيطة بالفرد وليست كامنة فيه. ووفقاً للمفهوم الإجتماعي فإن الإعاقة
تحدث بسبب التفاعل بين الأشخاص المصابين بقصور وبين الحواجز في البيئات المحيطة
التي تحول دون مشاركتهم مشاركة كاملة فعالة في مجتمعهم على قدم المساواة مع
الآخرين.
عليه ولتمكين
الأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة من الوصول لكافة حقوقهم والمشاركة الفعالة في الحياة العامة
والمجتمع فانه يجب إزالة الحواجز المحيطة بهم. أي أن تيسير إمكانية الوصول يعتبر
هو المدخل لمشاركة ودمج الأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة في المجتمع. لذا فإن إمكانية الوصول
تعتبر إحدى مبادئ اتفاقية حقوق الأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة وكذلك أحد إلتزاماتها العامة.
فضلاً عن كونها حقاً في ذاتها ومدخل لممارسة حقوق الإنسان الأخرى في نفس الوقت.
يستخدم مصطلح إمكانية الوصول للتعبير عن (القدر من اليسر الذي يتيح لأكبر
عدد ممكن من الأفراد، بمن فيهم الأشخاص ذوو الإعاقة، الوصول إلى بيئة من البيئات
أو خدمة من الخدمات أو منتوج من المنتجات). وبهذا المعنى فانه مما لا شك فيه ان التكنولوجيا لديها القدرة على تيسير
إمكانية الوصول بكافة تفريعاتها: إمكانية وصول فيزيائية، إمكانية وصول للمعلومات،
وإمكانية الوصول للتواصل والإتصال الميسر. ولكي تلعب التكنولوجيا هذا الدور، يجب
ان يكون تصميم التكنولوجيا شاملاً وفقاً لمعايير التصميم العام. وكذلك يجب أن تكون
التكنولوجيا في متناول اليد ومتاحة للجميع.
وتنشأ هنا عدة تساؤلات حول متطلبات الشمول في تصميم التكنولوجيا! وتحمل
تكلفة انتاجها! فضلاً عن تحمل تكلفة تبني تصميم وإنتاج التكنولوجيا المساعدة
للأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة! سوف تستعرض هذه الورقة المفهوم الحقوقي للإعاقة، بجانب
محاولة الإجابة على التساؤلات أعلاه في ضوء الإتفاقية الدولية لحقوق الأشخاص ذوي
الإعاقة والمواثيق الأخرى ذات الصلة.
Osama Khair
Marwan Awad
Zain SD Sudanese
Knowledge Society
Disability was not included in the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) or in their operationalizing targets and
indicators. As a result, disability has largely been invisible in their
implementation, and is rarely included in national policies, or in monitoring
and evaluation efforts related to the MDGs.
This has led to a situation in which
environmental and social barriers are still preventing persons with
disabilities from accessing, participating and being fully-included in social,
economic and political activities.
In this session we discuss the
opportunities of challenging the stigma that is around the Persons with
Disabilities(PwD) by means of addressing the comparative advantage that PwDs
have and the potential value they can add in the work force. We believe that
the ICT sector has a lot to offer (and gain) by helping in integrating PwDs in
the workforce through various technologies.
This discussion also propose
borrowing the Quality Function Deployment technique in defining the needs and
solutions for PwDs , and calls for more engagement of multidisciplinary teams
and approaches to achieve better integration of PwDs in the society.
Sara A Hassanain
Disability definitions are very complex due to the
intersects of several elucidations of legal, social, human rights, medical,
economics and development’ backgrounds. Most of the theories that construct
disability were built on the concept of deviation from normal standards.
However financialised world is dynamic and the toll of chronic illnesses is increasing,
which necessitates exploration of systems’ thinking around “inability”, the
“interaction with statics”, the “changing forms of chronicity”, “the exclusion”, the “barriers against full
involvement, and the “inaccessibility “.
This presentation argues that in a world of inequalities
and disadvantages, it is very vital to understand disabling mechanisms of the
system. There is a need for objective analyses of health systems responsiveness
as well as the investments that are fundamentally directed towards empowerment
of indigenous context and utilization of innovative technologies that aim to
strengthening inclusion of people living with disabilities. Revealing how local
communities and people living with disability perceive their needs is very
central for tailoring systematic interventions.
This presentation is to provoke discussions and to
question systems rather than providing advises. It brings up the possibly
needed interventions, theories, and technologies that cater for optimum
enablement and equality.
[Presentation
unavailable]
BREAKING
THE WALL OF VISUAL DISABILITY
Mahmoud Abdelwahid
WisdomBox
According to World Health Organization (WHO) 285
million people worldwide live with visual impairment. 90% of them live in
developing countries. Moreover, the number is increasing dramatically,
every 5 seconds someone in the world goes blind. And as people age, the impact
of vision loss will grow substantially in the future since 82% of people with
blindness are over 50 years. How could technology empower them to have easier and
more independent life.
Gada Kadoda
Sudanese Knowledge Society
The experience of disability in Sudan, in the present, is more
likely to be of poverty and discrimination in a country where almost half the
population are poor and many forms of disparities and prejudice are rife. For
example, if we compare national averages[i] with results of a recent
survey[ii] of the socioeconomic
status of people with disability (PwD) in Sudan, we find that a person with
disability is four times more likely to be unemployed than a person without
disability. While the situation seem dire and one only has to observe the
transport system and the general environment to realise the monumental
challenge that face a person with disability in accessing services and
participating in society, there are also positive transformations in public
discourse to making people with disability count and the country’s institutions
held accountable. Such an example is the change to the procedures of obtaining
an ATM card for PwD that resulted from a legal challenge against Bank of Sudan[iii]. This workshop which is
aimed towards exploring the role of Information, and Communication Technologies
(ICTs) that is held as part of celebrating the International Day of Disabled
Persons, is also a signal of change towards accessible futures.
Accessibility, one of the core values of the UN Convention on the
Rights of Persons with Disabilities, requires effort to design digital and
physical environments for people who experience disabilities and make
information and services available in a way that considers various forms of
disabilities such as mobility, hearing, cognitive, etc. Concepts that emerged
from the accessibility movement include “universal design[iv]” imagining a world where
disability is understood as a continuum and a central aspect of the human condition,
and “accessible futures[v]” that addresses the
exclusions of PwD visions of the future. How to design roads, buildings, cars,
websites, laws, with focus on enabling access for all, is a question that
confronts as many fields as those that touch a person’s life. Using futures
thinking approaches, in this session we will consider a child born in Sudan,
fifteen years from now, and imagine the worlds we hope, or fear, this child
will live in. We will also trace how we reached that future covering the policies
we developed, technologies we adopted, public spaces we changed, events that
happened, etc., our having started today.
References:
[i] Obtained from UN Data at http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=SUDAN
[ii] Eltayeb, S. and Khalifa,
D. S. Socio Economic Status of People with Disabilities in Sudan. Research
Report. 2013. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262010340_Socio-economic_Status_of_People_with_Disabilities_in_Sudan_ACTION_ON_DISABILITY_AND_DEVELOPMENT_ADDINT_Sudan_Program_SUP_AHFAD_UNIVERSITY_FOR_WOMEN_Acknowledgment
[iii] See article on Alrakoba
online newspaper by Abdelwahab Hemat on 12 September 2017 at https://www.alrakoba.net/news-action-show-id-286027.htm
[iv] Steinfeld, E. and Maisel,
J. Universal Design: Creating Inclusive Environments. John Wiley & Sons.
2012.
[v] Ginsburg, F. and Rapp, R.
Cripping the new normal: Making disability count. ALTER, European
Journal of Disability Research, 11, pp. 179–192, 2017.
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